Adults can be found on the floor and herb stratum of lowland and montane rainforests. It has also been recorded from old secondary forest and selectively logged forest (Inger et al. 2017), provided that clear water is maintained and available (P. Yambun pers. comm. January 2018). It requires small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams to breed in, an environment that persists only where forest cover is intact. Larvae live in torrents, clinging to rocks and feeding on lithophytes.

This Bornean endemic is known from throughout Kalimantan (Indonesia), Brunei, and Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia). It is present in relatively steep terrain from 150–2,200 m asl.

Conservation Actions
This species is known to occur in several protected areas throughout Borneo. In Sabah, it occurs in many well-protected areas, including Kinabalu and Crocker Range National Parks, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Tawau Hills Park, and Imbak Canyon Conservation Area. However, in Kalimantan, some of the existing forest preserves and parks are not well protected as local use of the forests causes degradation.

Conservation Needed
Effective preservation of lowland forest is needed to conserve this species because oil palm plantations are encroaching into protected areas. Some oil palm companies and forestry companies designate High Conservation Value areas, which is required by some financial institutions providing loans. However, not all lenders require these areas to be set aside and the habitat within the HCVs could disappear if the lender or requirements change (Indonesia Red List Assessment Workshop May 2017).

Research Needed
More information is needed on this species' distribution, population status, and trends.