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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Least Concern |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
This species can be found in upland deciduous forest in regions of undulating topography, mostly in areas with limestone bedrock, although some are found in non-calcareous regions with sandstone and shale (Kraus and Petranka 1989). Adults are usually found underground, under rocks, leaves, and logs. This species breeds most frequently in first and second order streams, and typically deposits eggs singly on undersides of flat rocks in pools and (less often) in faster-flowing regions. It less frequently breeds in ponds. Its breeding is most successful in streams that are seasonally ephemeral, have natural barriers (such as cascades and waterfalls) that prevent the upstream movement of predatory fish, and that have large flat rocks for oviposition (Kraus and Petranka 1989). This species might be restricted to upper portions of breeding streams because of fish predation (Petranka 1983). Larvae in stream pools in Kentucky were most abundant among filamentous green algae (Cladophora), which provides protection from predators and supports prey organisms (Holomuzki 1989).
Drayer et al. 2020 found the species at high "occupancy and abundance in catchments dominated by agriculture [...] and may not be as tied to forested habitat as previously thought" as long as sunfish were not present. They also found that the species' occupancy and abundance was lowest in streams in urban areas.
Drayer et al. 2020 found the species at high "occupancy and abundance in catchments dominated by agriculture [...] and may not be as tied to forested habitat as previously thought" as long as sunfish were not present. They also found that the species' occupancy and abundance was lowest in streams in urban areas.
Range:
This species occurs in the USA in north-central Kentucky, southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, and there are isolated subpopulations in Livingston County, Kentucky, westernmost West Virginia, and the Nashville Basin in central Tennessee (Scott et al. 1997, Niemiller et al. 2006, Anderson et al. 2014). Kraus and Petranka (1989) and Kraus (1996) provide further information on this species' range.
Conservation:
Conservation Actions In-Place
The species likely occurs in several protected areas within its range.
Conservation Needed
Additional protection of forested ravines is needed as a conservation measure for this species in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, which is undergoing rapid urbanization.
Research Needed
Ongoing population monitoring is needed to better understand the population size, distribution and trend, and to detect or confirm local extinctions.
The species likely occurs in several protected areas within its range.
Conservation Needed
Additional protection of forested ravines is needed as a conservation measure for this species in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, which is undergoing rapid urbanization.
Research Needed
Ongoing population monitoring is needed to better understand the population size, distribution and trend, and to detect or confirm local extinctions.