Nauta Mushroom-tongue Salamander - Bolitoglossa paraensis
( Unterstein, 1930 )

 

 

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Subspecies: Unknown
Est. World Population:

CITES Status: NOT LISTED
IUCN Status: Least Concern
U.S. ESA Status: NOT LISTED

Body Length:
Tail Length:
Shoulder Height:
Weight:

Top Speed:
Jumping Ability: (Horizontal)

Life Span: in the Wild
Life Span: in Captivity

Sexual Maturity: (Females)
Sexual Maturity: (Males)
Litter Size:
Gestation Period:

Habitat:
This species inhabits the understory of Amazon tropical lowland rainforests, including primary terra firme forest, secondary forest, floodplain forest, igapó, capoeira (Crump 1971, Neckel-Oliveira et al. 2011), or near monocultures of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) or cacao (Theobroma cacao) (Estupiñán 2007). It also occurs in forest remnants close to urban areas (e.g. in the municipalities of Belém, Guama, Bragança and Santa Isabel do Pará), as well as in gardens and oil palm plantations and other fruit crops in Bragança. Therefore, it is assumed that the species can tolerate a certain degree of disturbance (M. Hoogmoed, Brazilian Red List Assessment Workshop 2021). In many areas of occurrence of this species it is contiguous to the forests. Therefore, the occurrence of this species in gardens and plantations can occur in regions that maintain a connection with forest areas, hence these records are sporadic (P. Peloso, M. Sturaro and Y. Bitar, Brazilian Red List Assessment Workshop 2021).

Both males and females are most active during the rainy months, and abundance is highly correlated with humidity (Correa et al. 2012). It has been speculated that reproductive activity in this species is triggered by high levels of precipitation or humidity (Neckel-Oliveira et al. 2011). Similar to most of its congeners, this species likely lays eggs which develop directly into metamorphosed juveniles (Wiens et al. 2007). The average clutch size for this species is 11 eggs.

Range:

This species is known from the eastern part of the state of Pará to the border with Maranhão state in Brazil, south of the Amazon River, and has an uncertain presence in the Brazilian State of Amapá in the Guianan Shield (Lima 2008, Neckel-Oliveira et al. 2011, Brcko et al. 2013). It occurs at elevations between 10–40 m asl. The species could occur more widely in suitable habitat, possibly extending into the states of Maranhão and Amapá.


Conservation:

Conservation Actions In-Place
It occurs in protected areas, including Parque Ecológico de Gunma and Parque Estadual do Utinga.

Conservation Needed 
The creation of new, effective protected areas or reserves is recommended to promote connectivity with other areas of forest cover. The species is included in the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Threatened Herpetofauna (Machado et al. 2021).

Research Needed 
More information is needed about this species', distribution, population status, and natural history. Further research is required to fully resolve the taxonomic identity of some specimens, such as those from the Xingu River.


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