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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | 682000-683000,683000 |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Least Concern |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
This species is fully migratory (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). It breeds on dry Arctic tundra near freshwater lakes, pools, bogs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), marshes (Kear 2005), streams (Madge and Burn 1988) and small rivers (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) on the coast or up to 50 km (rarely up to 100 km) inland. It shows a preference for shallow fresh waters with emergent vegetation for initial brood rearing, afterwards moving to more saline waters where the young fledge. The species generally moults in sheltered fjords and bays with high densities of benthic fauna (Kear 2005), and winters at sea on deep offshore waters (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) close to the edge of sea ice or in coastal areas with shallow waters (Kear 2005).
It breeds from late-June onwards (Madge and Burn 1988) usually in well-dispersed (Kear 2005) solitary pairs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), although in some areas it may also form loose colonies (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is a slight hollow on dry ground and is usually positioned near water in the open or under the cover of driftwood, grass hummocks or rocks (Flint et al. 1984). Its diet consists predominantly of animal matter such as benthic molluscs, crustaceans, larval insects, echinoderms and other marine invertebrates, although the seeds and the vegetative parts of tundra plants, sedges and aquatic plants may also be taken on the breeding grounds (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), and algae, eelgrass Zostera spp. and Ruppia maritima may be taken at sea (Johnsgard 1978).
Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.
It breeds from late-June onwards (Madge and Burn 1988) usually in well-dispersed (Kear 2005) solitary pairs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), although in some areas it may also form loose colonies (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is a slight hollow on dry ground and is usually positioned near water in the open or under the cover of driftwood, grass hummocks or rocks (Flint et al. 1984). Its diet consists predominantly of animal matter such as benthic molluscs, crustaceans, larval insects, echinoderms and other marine invertebrates, although the seeds and the vegetative parts of tundra plants, sedges and aquatic plants may also be taken on the breeding grounds (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), and algae, eelgrass Zostera spp. and Ruppia maritima may be taken at sea (Johnsgard 1978).
Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.
Range:
In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with large population breeding also in Greenland. Svalbard and Jan Mayen has a relatively small population.
Conservation:
Conservation Actions Underway
Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.
Conservation Actions Proposed
Strict legislation on oil exploration and transportation is needed as well as protection of key sites. Research into the species' ecology and population dynamics will help future conservation measures.
Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.
Conservation Actions Proposed
Strict legislation on oil exploration and transportation is needed as well as protection of key sites. Research into the species' ecology and population dynamics will help future conservation measures.