It is found primarily in dense forests and edge of woodlands with plenty of bushes (Raffaele et al. 1998; Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000). It is occasionally observed in open country, including swampland, shrubs and gardens, but heavily depends on mature forests with lianas and epiphytes (Chai and Kirwan 2020). It feeds on relatively small generalised flowers, competing both with other hummingbirds and insects for nectar (Dalsgaard et al. 2012). Nesting takes place between April and June (Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000).

Mellisuga helenae is endemic to Cuba. Formerly widespread throughout the island and the Isla de la Juventud, it has disappeared from much of its range and is now restricted to a few localities including Guanahacabibes Peninsula and Sierra del Rosario, the Zapata Swamp and its vicinity, as well as in the east of the island in Holguín, Santiago and Guantánamo (Raffaele et al. 1998; Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000; Chai and Kirwan 2020). Although previously common and widespread, it is now rare and localised (Raffaele et al. 1998).

Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix II. The species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.

Conservation Actions Proposed
Urgently quantify the population size. Determine the population structure and quantify the sizes of the subpopulations. Monitor key populations. Protect remaining habitat. Restore suitable habitat. Raise awareness for the species and discourage further clearance of forest for agriculture. Enforce the protection afforded to the species by protected areas.