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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | 600-1850, 1200-1850 |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Endangered |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
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| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
It is a predominantly coastal resident in Indonesia and Malaysia, inhabiting mangroves and adjacent, less saline, swamps. It forages on tidal mudflats, in saline pools, freshwater marshes, fishponds and rice-fields. The species has been documented as eating fishes, prawns and crabs (Iqbal et al. 2008, 2009). Birds only occur inland in flooded forest around Tonle Sap lake in Cambodia, from where they disperse in the wet season, possibly to the coast (van Zalinge et al. 2011). Tall, mature trees are important for nesting (Ismail and Rahman 2016). In Prek toal Ramsar site, peak nesting occurs between February and April (Visal and Mahood 2015).
Range:
Mycteria cinerea has a small population in Cambodia, with birds occasionally wandering (in the non-breeding season) to Thailand. Historically it occurred naturally in Peninsular Malaysia, but all populations here originate from escapes or unsuccessful reintroduction efforts, with another such population in Singapore. The vast majority of the world's population now exists in Indonesia, with recent records from Sumatra and Java (the strongholds) and Sulawesi (Eaton et al. 2021, eBird 2023), with no recent records from Sumbawa or Buton. It has, perhaps surprisingly given presence in neighbouring Cambodia (and a propensity historically for stork species to wander from here), never been recorded either historically or recently in Viet Nam or Lao PDR (Duckworth et al. 1999, BirdLife International 2001, eBird 2023, Timmins et al. in prep.).
Conservation:
Conservation Actions Underway
Listed in CITES Appendix I, although international trade is not considered a major threat for this species. The small, stable population at Tonle Sap, Cambodia, is contained within the Prek Toal Ramsar Site (site number 2245) and this site has been subject to nest protection schemes since the early 2000s (Goes 2013, Visal and Mahood 2015). This protection scheme has caused significant rebounds in other threatened and Near Threatened stork populations (Timmins et al. in prep.) although this has not (yet) translated into population gains for this species. In Thailand, feeding sites in the Bay of Bangkok are mostly protected and/or not under threat, with most recent sightings (eBird 2023) in Pak Thale Nature Reserve. In Malaysia, reintroduction attempts have largely been unsuccessful. Between 2007 and 2014, 50 Milky Storks were released in Kuala Gula (Ismail and Rahman 2016) but numbers in this area have dwindled (eBird 2023). In Indonesia, the species is protected and most of its known breeding sites are also (legally, but not necessarily effectively) protected. Surveys of the population in Sumatra took place in 2008-2009 (Iqbal et al. 2012) but future surveys are urgently needed to establish current, and predict future, population trends.Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct surveys and research to locate additional colonies, monitor seasonal movements and clarify its ecological requirements. In particular, there is a need to generate population size values for Java and Sulawesi, which may hold critical populations, as well as to repeat the survey undertaken by Iqbal et al. (2012). Monitor numbers and breeding success at all known important nesting colonies. Establish additional protected areas encompassing important nesting colonies and feeding areas, particularly in the Riau, Jambi and Sumatra Selatan provinces of Sumatra. Promote public-awareness initiatives highlighting its conservation importance. Improve captive pre-release training techniques. Maintain and increase public awareness to ensure long term viability of the reintroduction programme. Where relevant or appropriate, instigate and establishment nest protection schemes, which have been successful for other stork species in Cambodia. Implement the removal of hybrids from wild Milky Stork populations, including isolation of hybrids in captivity and releasing genetically pure Milky Stork individuals into the wild (Baveja et al. 2019).
Listed in CITES Appendix I, although international trade is not considered a major threat for this species. The small, stable population at Tonle Sap, Cambodia, is contained within the Prek Toal Ramsar Site (site number 2245) and this site has been subject to nest protection schemes since the early 2000s (Goes 2013, Visal and Mahood 2015). This protection scheme has caused significant rebounds in other threatened and Near Threatened stork populations (Timmins et al. in prep.) although this has not (yet) translated into population gains for this species. In Thailand, feeding sites in the Bay of Bangkok are mostly protected and/or not under threat, with most recent sightings (eBird 2023) in Pak Thale Nature Reserve. In Malaysia, reintroduction attempts have largely been unsuccessful. Between 2007 and 2014, 50 Milky Storks were released in Kuala Gula (Ismail and Rahman 2016) but numbers in this area have dwindled (eBird 2023). In Indonesia, the species is protected and most of its known breeding sites are also (legally, but not necessarily effectively) protected. Surveys of the population in Sumatra took place in 2008-2009 (Iqbal et al. 2012) but future surveys are urgently needed to establish current, and predict future, population trends.Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct surveys and research to locate additional colonies, monitor seasonal movements and clarify its ecological requirements. In particular, there is a need to generate population size values for Java and Sulawesi, which may hold critical populations, as well as to repeat the survey undertaken by Iqbal et al. (2012). Monitor numbers and breeding success at all known important nesting colonies. Establish additional protected areas encompassing important nesting colonies and feeding areas, particularly in the Riau, Jambi and Sumatra Selatan provinces of Sumatra. Promote public-awareness initiatives highlighting its conservation importance. Improve captive pre-release training techniques. Maintain and increase public awareness to ensure long term viability of the reintroduction programme. Where relevant or appropriate, instigate and establishment nest protection schemes, which have been successful for other stork species in Cambodia. Implement the removal of hybrids from wild Milky Stork populations, including isolation of hybrids in captivity and releasing genetically pure Milky Stork individuals into the wild (Baveja et al. 2019).