The species occurs in Andean puna and páramo habitat from 3,700-4,500 m. It is typically found in open humid grasslands or bogs near rocky outcrops that are used for roosting and breeding (Schulenberg et al. 2007, Herzog et al. 2016, Medrano and Pyle 2023). It feeds on invertebrates or small mammals (Medrano and Pyle 2023).

Theristicus branickii occurs in the highlands of Ecuador, mainly around Antisana volcano, in Peru from Huascarán (Ancash) south to Puno, and to west Bolivia to Cochabamba (Schulenberg et al. 2007, Herzog et al. 2016, Freile and Restall 2018). There are occasional extralimital records of single individuals or small groups in the extreme north of Chile and Argentina, though it is unclear whether these refer to vagrant individuals or to established populations (Müller et al. 2021, Medrano and Pyle 2023).

Conservation and research actions underway
The species is listed as Critically Endangered at the national level in Ecuador (Freile et al. 2019). It occurs in several protected areas across its range, including in Antisana National Park in Ecuador, the creation of which has greatly reduced hunting pressure.

Conservation and research actions proposed
Survey to obtain an accurate population estimate, particularly for the population in Peru and Bolivia. Research the impact of climate change on Andean wetlands, and with that, on the population trend. Monitor the population trend.
Effectively protect significant areas of suitable habitat at key sites, in both strictly protected areas and community-led multiple-use areas. Develop campaigns to raise awareness for the species.