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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | 7200-72000,7200-25000 |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Near Threatened |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
Occurs in moist, evergreen forests, tall deciduous woodlands, as well as plantations and open patches of forest, generally favouring low-altitude riparian systems (Balasubramanian et al. 2004, Mudappa and Rahman 2009, Sneha and Davidar 2011, Kemp and Boesman 2020, Pawar and Sadekar 2022), generally below 600 m and above 30 m (A. Bachan in litt. 2024) but primarily between 100 and 450 m (Mudappa and Rahman 2009). The species feeds chiefly on figs (Balasubramanian et al. 2004, Sneha and Davidar 2011, Wagh et al. 2015b), and makes seasonal movements in response to fruiting events, even visiting isolated fruiting trees in cultivated areas (Kemp and Boesman 2020).
Range:
Occurs in the western Ghats, and in eastern/central India from south-west West Bengal and Bihar, to Andhra Pradesh, India, as well as Sri Lanka (Rasmussen and Anderton 2012, Kemp and Boesman 2020).
Conservation:
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix II. The species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range in both India and Sri Lanka (Kemp and Boesman 2020). Populations are assessed in plantation-dominated agriculture mosaics outside protected areas (P. Pawar in litt. 2020). The species has reappeared in Thattekad Bird Sanctuary after a period of 30-40 years, likely as a result of community-based conservation and better monitoring (Bachan 2006, Bachan et al. 2011, Anilkumar and Bachan 2023). A participatory conservation and nest monitoring scheme with the local communities of the Chalakudy river basin has resulted in the complete eradication of local hunting of the species, and a reduction in the impacts of other human-induced threats (Bachan et al. 2011).Conservation Actions Proposed
Monitoring across the species' range is required to correctly estimate the population size. Research is required to understand the importance of particular habitat types, such as plantations and habitat outside of protected areas, specifically in corridors and buffer zones. Such areas should be the focus of community conservation initiatives to help protect/restore key habitat features (such as roosting trees and Ficus spp.) and maintain/restore connectivity in the wider landscape. For example, the use of native shade trees within plantations could be linked with conservation initiative/certification schemes (Mudappa and Rahman 2009). Surveys are required to determine the current impact and trend in traditional hunting and poaching of the species. The feasibility of establishing schemes similar to those implemented with the local communities of the Chalakudy river basin should be investigated in other places hunting occurs. Awareness of hornbills and their conservation is lacking in many surveyed areas; education and awareness need to be linked with all conservation efforts (Mudappa and Rahman 2009). State forest departments should be encouraged to take effective steps to control the occurrence of fires, including deliberately lit fires (Balasubramanian et al. 2007).
CITES Appendix II. The species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range in both India and Sri Lanka (Kemp and Boesman 2020). Populations are assessed in plantation-dominated agriculture mosaics outside protected areas (P. Pawar in litt. 2020). The species has reappeared in Thattekad Bird Sanctuary after a period of 30-40 years, likely as a result of community-based conservation and better monitoring (Bachan 2006, Bachan et al. 2011, Anilkumar and Bachan 2023). A participatory conservation and nest monitoring scheme with the local communities of the Chalakudy river basin has resulted in the complete eradication of local hunting of the species, and a reduction in the impacts of other human-induced threats (Bachan et al. 2011).Conservation Actions Proposed
Monitoring across the species' range is required to correctly estimate the population size. Research is required to understand the importance of particular habitat types, such as plantations and habitat outside of protected areas, specifically in corridors and buffer zones. Such areas should be the focus of community conservation initiatives to help protect/restore key habitat features (such as roosting trees and Ficus spp.) and maintain/restore connectivity in the wider landscape. For example, the use of native shade trees within plantations could be linked with conservation initiative/certification schemes (Mudappa and Rahman 2009). Surveys are required to determine the current impact and trend in traditional hunting and poaching of the species. The feasibility of establishing schemes similar to those implemented with the local communities of the Chalakudy river basin should be investigated in other places hunting occurs. Awareness of hornbills and their conservation is lacking in many surveyed areas; education and awareness need to be linked with all conservation efforts (Mudappa and Rahman 2009). State forest departments should be encouraged to take effective steps to control the occurrence of fires, including deliberately lit fires (Balasubramanian et al. 2007).