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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | U |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Vulnerable |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
This species occurs in extensive areas of primary lowland and hill forest, extending into tall secondary forest and swamp forests, up to 1,400 m.When foraging, it crosses occasionally disturbed areas and plantations (Poonswad et al. 2013).
It mainly feeds on fruits, but also takes small animals like arthropods, lizards, tree-frogs and bird eggs (Kemp and Boesman 2018). It will eat a variety of fig species and often takes advantage of ripened trees (Zainal Zahari Zainuddin et al. 1998; Choo 2000). They are usually seen in pairs. Other smaller hornbill species, for example the Oriental Pied hornbill, Bushy-crested hornbill and Black hornbill avoid feeding at the same section or level of the fruiting fig tree as Rhinoceros hornbills. In some instances, they wait near the fruiting fig tree and approach when the Rhinoceros hornbills have left.
The Rhinoceros hornbill also forms large groups of up to 15 individuals (mostly young adults), which can be seen roaming the forest canopy together in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (Yeap C.A. pers. obs.).
It breeds seasonally, with nests being placed in natural tree cavities in 9-15m height (Kemp and Boesman 2018). Breeding has been recorded in several Peninsular Malaysian States of Pahang, Selangor, Johor, and Perak (Kaur et al. 2015; Wells 1999). In Sabah, fledglings have been noted in Sungai Segama (Fogden 1965) and adult birds have also used artificial nests in Kinabatangan with a chick fledging successfully (HUTAN 2019). Nest tree species used by the hornbills include Koompassia malaccensis (Kaur et al. 2015). Breeding in Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak has been recorded between November and March (L. Sir in litt. 2020).
It mainly feeds on fruits, but also takes small animals like arthropods, lizards, tree-frogs and bird eggs (Kemp and Boesman 2018). It will eat a variety of fig species and often takes advantage of ripened trees (Zainal Zahari Zainuddin et al. 1998; Choo 2000). They are usually seen in pairs. Other smaller hornbill species, for example the Oriental Pied hornbill, Bushy-crested hornbill and Black hornbill avoid feeding at the same section or level of the fruiting fig tree as Rhinoceros hornbills. In some instances, they wait near the fruiting fig tree and approach when the Rhinoceros hornbills have left.
The Rhinoceros hornbill also forms large groups of up to 15 individuals (mostly young adults), which can be seen roaming the forest canopy together in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (Yeap C.A. pers. obs.).
It breeds seasonally, with nests being placed in natural tree cavities in 9-15m height (Kemp and Boesman 2018). Breeding has been recorded in several Peninsular Malaysian States of Pahang, Selangor, Johor, and Perak (Kaur et al. 2015; Wells 1999). In Sabah, fledglings have been noted in Sungai Segama (Fogden 1965) and adult birds have also used artificial nests in Kinabatangan with a chick fledging successfully (HUTAN 2019). Nest tree species used by the hornbills include Koompassia malaccensis (Kaur et al. 2015). Breeding in Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak has been recorded between November and March (L. Sir in litt. 2020).
Range:
Buceros rhinoceros is confined to the Sundaic lowlands of extreme south peninsular Thailand (where it is locally considered to be endangered, and the only suitable habitat is in extensive primary forest in the Hala Bala area [Trisurat et al. 2013]), Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan, Sumatra and Java, Indonesia and Brunei (BirdLife International 2001). It is locally extinct in Singapore. It can be found in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak but is absent from the smaller States such as Melaka, Penang and the Federal Territories. Its stronghold remains in large forest complexes and protected areas (Davison 1987; Davison 1995; Lim & Tan 2000; Wells 1999; Chong 1998; Chong 1993; Siti Hawa Yatim 1993; Siti Hawa Yatim et al. 1985; Ong et al. 2000; Choo and Teresa 2001; Norsham and Teresa 2001; Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim 2002; Wells 1999; Yeap & Perumal, in press; Wells 1990; Yong et al. 2011).
In Peninsular Malaysia, most of these sites have been identified as Important Hornbill Landscapes (IHL), which are also IBAs and linked to the Central Forest Spine Masterplan for Peninsular Malaysia (Yeap & Perumal, in press). Forests adjacent to oil palm plantations could also support the Rhinoceros hornbills (and other hornbill species), if they still remain sizeable (Pan 1987/88).
In Sabah and Sarawak, the hornbill is confined to the boundary of forest interior of the Heart of Borneo, and conservation areas of forest plantations (Davies and Payne 1982; Smythies 1999; Tuen 2005; Kemp & Kemp 1974; Sheldon et al. 2001; Unggang et al. 2017; Styring et al. 2011).
In Peninsular Malaysia, most of these sites have been identified as Important Hornbill Landscapes (IHL), which are also IBAs and linked to the Central Forest Spine Masterplan for Peninsular Malaysia (Yeap & Perumal, in press). Forests adjacent to oil palm plantations could also support the Rhinoceros hornbills (and other hornbill species), if they still remain sizeable (Pan 1987/88).
In Sabah and Sarawak, the hornbill is confined to the boundary of forest interior of the Heart of Borneo, and conservation areas of forest plantations (Davies and Payne 1982; Smythies 1999; Tuen 2005; Kemp & Kemp 1974; Sheldon et al. 2001; Unggang et al. 2017; Styring et al. 2011).
Conservation:
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix II. Occurs in several protected areas, including Taman Negara National Park (Malaysia), Gunung Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan and Way Kambas National Parks and Berbak Game Reserve (Sumatra), Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park and Kapuas Hulu District (West Kalimantan, Indonesia) and Danum Valley Conservation Area (Borneo). The known North American ex situ population of this species is approximately 75 birds. Median life expectancy of this population is approximately 20 years, but individuals have lived well into their 30s. The age at first breeding in the population is five years old and birds have had offspring in their late 30s. The population has been growing over the last 20 years, driven by consistent reproduction at multiple institutions (AZA studbook, currently through November 12th 2018 and Species360, as of December 31st 2019; as reported by P. Schutz in litt. 2020).Conservation Actions Proposed
Monitor populations across the range to determine the magnitude of declines and rates of range contraction. Campaign for the protection of remaining extensive tracts of lowland forest in the Sundaic region. Restrict hunting.
CITES Appendix II. Occurs in several protected areas, including Taman Negara National Park (Malaysia), Gunung Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan and Way Kambas National Parks and Berbak Game Reserve (Sumatra), Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park and Kapuas Hulu District (West Kalimantan, Indonesia) and Danum Valley Conservation Area (Borneo). The known North American ex situ population of this species is approximately 75 birds. Median life expectancy of this population is approximately 20 years, but individuals have lived well into their 30s. The age at first breeding in the population is five years old and birds have had offspring in their late 30s. The population has been growing over the last 20 years, driven by consistent reproduction at multiple institutions (AZA studbook, currently through November 12th 2018 and Species360, as of December 31st 2019; as reported by P. Schutz in litt. 2020).Conservation Actions Proposed
Monitor populations across the range to determine the magnitude of declines and rates of range contraction. Campaign for the protection of remaining extensive tracts of lowland forest in the Sundaic region. Restrict hunting.