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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | 12600-55300 |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Least Concern |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Conservation:
Conservation actions underway
CITES Appendix I, CMS Appendix II, Raptors MOU Category 3, EU Birds Directive Annex I. Some independent, long-term monitoring in parts of Greenland, Canada and Alaska, though not coordinated (Booms et al. 2020). Breeding schemes are in place in at least four European countries (Derlink et al. 2018).
Conservation actions needed
The relative inaccessibility of many parts of this species's range mean that many aspects of its biology remain unstudied. Further research is needed to more accurately estimate population size and trends, and to determine the nature and cause of annual fluctuations in breeding populations in some areas (Booms et al. 2020). Long-term studies are also needed to determine the effects of global warming on the species.
CITES Appendix I, CMS Appendix II, Raptors MOU Category 3, EU Birds Directive Annex I. Some independent, long-term monitoring in parts of Greenland, Canada and Alaska, though not coordinated (Booms et al. 2020). Breeding schemes are in place in at least four European countries (Derlink et al. 2018).
Conservation actions needed
The relative inaccessibility of many parts of this species's range mean that many aspects of its biology remain unstudied. Further research is needed to more accurately estimate population size and trends, and to determine the nature and cause of annual fluctuations in breeding populations in some areas (Booms et al. 2020). Long-term studies are also needed to determine the effects of global warming on the species.