Inhabits rolling arid steppes and grassy plains; in particular feather grass (Stipa spp.) steppes and sometimes semi-deserts (Sokolov and Lushchekina 1997). Mongolian Gazelles move constantly over their range in search of food, except during the rutting and birthing seasons.

Procapra gutturosa occurs in eastern Mongolia and adjacent areas of Russia and north-eastern China. Smaller populations are still found in central and western Mongolia where they were previously abundant (Zahler et al. 2004). There is a translocated population on Homin Tal steppe in Zavkhan Province of west-central Mongolia. In the past 50 years, the geographic range of the Mongolian Gazelle has been reduced by about 76%. The vast majority of Mongolian Gazelles are now found in Mongolia itself; and within Mongolia the species is found in large numbers in only four provinces: Dornod, Khentii, Sukhbaatar and Dornogobi (Lhagvasuren and Milner-Gulland 1997) and in smaller numbers in other provinces.

Occurs in some protected areas in Mongolia but most of the population occurs outside these. Mongolian Gazelles are afforded legal protection in Mongolia and China, but enforcement is not fully effective. In 1988-1990, 600 new-born gazelles were translocated to the Homin Tal steppe in Zavkhan Province of west-central Mongolia, where the population had dropped to 600 individuals and by 1996 this population had increased to more than 3,500 (Lhagvasuren and Milner-Gulland 1997). Some populations in west and central Mongolia are at risk of local extinction. The species is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).