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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Endangered |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
This species generally occurs in the leaf-litter of temperate Nothofagus forests; it is also present in forest bogs. Surveys suggest that it is not very tolerant of habitat disturbance, having been found consistently within well-maintained native forest, and at the most within native forest where wood gathering for firewood takes place (Soto-Azat et al. 2013a). Females deposit eggs in moist and secluded areas, such as mosses and leaf-litter. When the larvae inside the eggs begin to move, adult males ingest the eggs and incubate them in vocal sacs. Larvae develop inside the male and emerge after metamorphosis. The generation length is estimated to be an average of 11 years based on reproductive ages of 6-15 years (J.C. Ortiz, C. Castro, C. Tala, R. Avilés and A. Charrier pers. comm. July 2015).
Range:
This species is endemic to the austral forest of Chile and Argentina, although it occurs tangentially in the latter country (Soto-Azat et al. 2013). Historically, it was distributed in Chile from Concepción to Aysen Province (Río Cuervo). Currently, it can be found in at least 45 sites in Chile (Soto-Azat et al. 2013a, Darwin’s frog Conservation Strategy Workshop 2017), from Cuyinco Alto (Cordillera Nahuelbuta) to Río Cuervo, and including Chiloé and Mocha Islands. The islands that make up the Chonos Archipelago (south of Chiloé) were previously mapped as part of this species' distribution; however there are no records of it occurring there to date (C. Soto pers. comm. January 2017) and they have been removed from the map. In Argentina, it is known from Neuquén, Chubut and Río Negro provinces, where there are 11 localities with confirmed presence of the species since 2000, all of them located in two national parks, Lanín National Park and Nahuel Huapi National Park (Úbeda and Pastore 2015). It has an altitudinal range of 0–1,340 m asl (Úbeda and Pastore 2015).
Despite the fact that the population has a widespread range, it has been found to occupy circumscribed areas within suitable habitat (C. Soto-Azat pers. comm. July 2015). Based on known spatial occupancy and individual home range (1.82 m2, Valenzuela et al. 2014), it is assumed that each site is no larger than 4 km2 (in fact, many subpopulations in Chile are known to use less than 300 m2 of forest; Soto-Azat et al. 2013a). Assuming that each of the known sites is comparable with regards to internal occupancy, the total AOO is estimated to be 224 km2. Its EOO is 160,446 km2. In Argentina, there is no evidence of range retraction. Further surveys may extend the southern limit of distribution because there are suitable habitats under the protection of national parks (Úbeda and Pastore 2015). There is uncertainty on whether there are other non-reported subpopulations within its range, particularly in between known sites and towards southern latitudes where remote areas are difficult to access and have not been thoroughly surveyed. If new subpopulations are discovered and the AOO experiences a considerable increase, a change of category to Vulnerable is possible.
Despite the fact that the population has a widespread range, it has been found to occupy circumscribed areas within suitable habitat (C. Soto-Azat pers. comm. July 2015). Based on known spatial occupancy and individual home range (1.82 m2, Valenzuela et al. 2014), it is assumed that each site is no larger than 4 km2 (in fact, many subpopulations in Chile are known to use less than 300 m2 of forest; Soto-Azat et al. 2013a). Assuming that each of the known sites is comparable with regards to internal occupancy, the total AOO is estimated to be 224 km2. Its EOO is 160,446 km2. In Argentina, there is no evidence of range retraction. Further surveys may extend the southern limit of distribution because there are suitable habitats under the protection of national parks (Úbeda and Pastore 2015). There is uncertainty on whether there are other non-reported subpopulations within its range, particularly in between known sites and towards southern latitudes where remote areas are difficult to access and have not been thoroughly surveyed. If new subpopulations are discovered and the AOO experiences a considerable increase, a change of category to Vulnerable is possible.
Conservation:
Conservation Actions
There are several protected areas in the range of the species. In Chile, it is listed as "Endangered" (En Peligro de Extinción) (Reglamento de Clasificación de Especies, Chile, 2011) and there are currently two ex situ initiatives, led by Universidad de Concepción - Zoo Leipzig (since 2009) and Zoológico Nacional de Chile - San Antonio Zoo, Texas since 2010 (C. Castro, A. Charrier pers. comm. July 2015). An in-situ initiative between Universidad Andrés Bello, Ranita de Darwin NGO, HuiloHuilo, Tantauco and Melimoyu private reserves has been implemented to investigate and provide further protection to the species (C. Soto-Azat pers. comm. July 2016). In Argentina, its range is entirely comprised of two national parks - Lanín and Nahuel Huapi - in western sectors, that have a relatively good status of conservation of its habitats.
Conservation Needed
There remains a need for improved maintenance and protection of native forest habitats, particularly in the north.
Research Needed
Close population monitoring of known subpopulations is required given the declines seen in suitable habitat. The potential of climate change is also required to determine the potential threat. Targeted surveys to unexplored areas with suitable habitat in between known sites as well as the more remote areas are required to determine if the species may also occur there.
There are several protected areas in the range of the species. In Chile, it is listed as "Endangered" (En Peligro de Extinción) (Reglamento de Clasificación de Especies, Chile, 2011) and there are currently two ex situ initiatives, led by Universidad de Concepción - Zoo Leipzig (since 2009) and Zoológico Nacional de Chile - San Antonio Zoo, Texas since 2010 (C. Castro, A. Charrier pers. comm. July 2015). An in-situ initiative between Universidad Andrés Bello, Ranita de Darwin NGO, HuiloHuilo, Tantauco and Melimoyu private reserves has been implemented to investigate and provide further protection to the species (C. Soto-Azat pers. comm. July 2016). In Argentina, its range is entirely comprised of two national parks - Lanín and Nahuel Huapi - in western sectors, that have a relatively good status of conservation of its habitats.
Conservation Needed
There remains a need for improved maintenance and protection of native forest habitats, particularly in the north.
Research Needed
Close population monitoring of known subpopulations is required given the declines seen in suitable habitat. The potential of climate change is also required to determine the potential threat. Targeted surveys to unexplored areas with suitable habitat in between known sites as well as the more remote areas are required to determine if the species may also occur there.