Behaviour This species is likely to be partially migratory although its movements are poorly known (del Hoyo et al. 1996). In some areas its appearance is related to the timing of the rainy season (del Hoyo et al. 1996), and there is evidence for regular altitudinal and coastal movements (Hockey et al. 2005). The species breeds during the rains in southern Africa, although there is little known about the timing of breeding in other regions (del Hoyo et al. 1996). It breeds in territorial solitary pairs (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), remaining solitary, in pairs or family groups (Hockey et al. 2005) outside of the breeding season if resident in an area (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). The species forages diurnally, mostly in the morning and late-afternoon (del Hoyo et al. 1996), roosting off the ground during the hottest part of the day and at night either in breeding or roosting nests or on low perches in trees and bushes (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). Habitat The species frequents permanent habitats (Urban et al. 1986) associated with forest or thick bush from sea level up to 3,200 m (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998), requiring dense overhead and ground cover with soft earth, moss or leaf-litter for foraging (Taylor and van Perlo 1998, Hockey et al. 2005). It inhabits the interiors or edges of more open types of forest (Urban et al. 1986, del Hoyo et al. 1996), particularly favouring clearings, secondary growth and scrub (del Hoyo et al. 1996) or dense evergreen and deciduous thickets (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998), and is often found away from tall trees in bushy ravines or on brush-covered hillsides (Urban et al. 1986). Other habitats include banana and arrowroot plantations, neglected cultivation and rural gardens (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998). Although not typically associated with water (del Hoyo et al. 1996) (may be 1-2 km away from it) (Urban et al. 1986), the species may be found on the floor of muddy valleys (Gabon) (del Hoyo et al. 1996), in swampy forest patches (Sudan) (del Hoyo et al. 1996), or along forest streams (Urban et al. 1986, del Hoyo et al. 1996), occasionally feeding in marshes adjacent to forest habitats during the winter (South Africa) (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The species may occur in atypical habitats on migration (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Diet The diet of this species consists of invertebrates such as small ants, bugs, flies, small gastropods, cockroaches, Lepidoptera, centipedes, nematodes, Collembolla (del Hoyo et al. 1996), earthworms, amphipods, isopods, millipedes, spiders, ticks, grasshoppers, crickets (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998), termite workers and alates, adult and larval beetles, and slugs (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), as well as grass and tree seeds (possibly to aid in grinding up other foods) (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Hockey et al. 2005). Breeding site The nest is a domed structure (Urban et al. 1986, del Hoyo et al. 1996, Hockey et al. 2005) or an open shallow cup with a roof of low vegetation (Urban et al. 1986, Hockey et al. 2005), positioned on the ground in a small excavated depression, usually well-hidden in dense ground vegetation, tangled cover or under the leaves of a large plant (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998) in areas shaded by tall trees or within clumps of bushes (Taylor and van Perlo 1998).