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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Critically Endangered |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
The species inhabits submontane and montane evergreen tropical forest of the Atlantic coast of Brazil. According to Aguirre (1971), Brachyteles arachnoides is found in montane forests between 400-1,880 meters asl, in well-preserved remnants of seasonal and evergreen forests. Recent data indicate the resilience of the taxon in subtropical/tropical montane and deciduous evergreen forests, between 400-1,880 m asl (Talebi in prep). Studies on dietary requirements and feeding ecology were conducted in the Fazenda Barreiro Rico by Milton (1984) and Martins (2003a,b, 2005b, 2006), in the Intervales State Park (Petroni 1993, 2000) and in the Carlos Botelho State Park (Moraes 1992a,b; Lucas et al. 2012, 2016; Ganzhorn et al. 2009; Talebi 2005; Talebi et al. 2005, 2016; Talebi 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014).
Size:
Adult male size: 1.57 m crown rump size (Talebi et al. 2016)
Adult female size: 1.44 m crown rump size (Talebi et al. 2016)
Adult male weight: 9.1 kg (n=7) (Talebi and Lee 2010)
Adult female weight: 8.3 kg (n=4) (Talebi and Lee 2010)
Size:
Adult male size: 1.57 m crown rump size (Talebi et al. 2016)
Adult female size: 1.44 m crown rump size (Talebi et al. 2016)
Adult male weight: 9.1 kg (n=7) (Talebi and Lee 2010)
Adult female weight: 8.3 kg (n=4) (Talebi and Lee 2010)
Range:
The geographic distribution of Brachyteles arachnoides ranges from the northeast region of Paraná along the central and eastern region of São Paulo State and the southern region of Rio de Janeiro (Talebi et al. 2011). To the north it occurs as far as the southern margin of the Paraíba do Sul River and to the west of this river, it could have reached the south-eastern parts of Minas Gerais on the southern slopes of the Serra da Mantiqueira. One population still exists in the delta of the Piracicaba and Tiete Rivers.
Its stronghold today is in the southern region of Sâo Paulo State, in the montane forests of the Serra de Paranapiacaba (Talebi 2005, Talebi and Soares 2005). Based on Koehler et al. (2005) the species’ range in Paraná State is restricted to the south by the Ribeira de Iguape River and to the west by the Campo Biome. Within this range, there are only two populations remaining, one at Castro Municipality and another in Doutor Ulysses Municipality. Throughout the region, the only remnant forest of any considerable size is that of the Lauráceas State Park (23,000 ha), in a montane region of the Municipalities of Adrianópolis and Tunas do Paraná (Ingberman 2015). In São Paulo State, there are three main strongholds for the species. These are the Serra de Paranapiacaba, in the dense montane forests of the Municipalities of São Miguel Arcanjo and Capão Bonito, the Carlos Botelho State Park (24°15-44’S, 47°46-48°10´W), and the Fundação Florestal do Estado de São Paulo. Additional field sites protecting known subpopulations in the region include a protected private reserve, i.e., the Muriqui Ecopark (Pró-Muriqui Association), and two corporate private business areas, i.e., Fazenda São Miguel Klabin and Legado das Águas Reserve Votorantim. These areas represent the core areas of the World Heritage Site Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves (decreed in 1999 and considered of outstanding universal value in 2015).
For the Serra do Mar region containing the largest protected area of São Paulo, the Parque Estadual Serra do Mar is supposed to protect the species. Although several areas have been proven to have experienced local extinctions, the exact distributional status of the species in the region is unknown, but is certainly declining. In the Serra da Mantiqueira, bordering the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, a few remnants of forest still remain and only two localities, the São Sebastião Fibria Farm (22°45´S 45°28´W) and the region of São Francisco Xavier (23°12’S 45°52’W) are confirmed as current areas in which the species survives. In addition, the last remnant of interior deciduous forest, the Barreiro Rico Farm, contains a vanishing population in the municipality of Anhembi, located in the deltas of the Tiete and Piracicaba Rivers (Talebi and Soares 2005, Talebi et al. 2011, Talebi et al. 2016). In Rio de Janeiro State, the Itatiaia National Park, the Serra dos Orgãos National Park and the Bocaina National Park are the only known localities to host confirmed extant populations.
Its stronghold today is in the southern region of Sâo Paulo State, in the montane forests of the Serra de Paranapiacaba (Talebi 2005, Talebi and Soares 2005). Based on Koehler et al. (2005) the species’ range in Paraná State is restricted to the south by the Ribeira de Iguape River and to the west by the Campo Biome. Within this range, there are only two populations remaining, one at Castro Municipality and another in Doutor Ulysses Municipality. Throughout the region, the only remnant forest of any considerable size is that of the Lauráceas State Park (23,000 ha), in a montane region of the Municipalities of Adrianópolis and Tunas do Paraná (Ingberman 2015). In São Paulo State, there are three main strongholds for the species. These are the Serra de Paranapiacaba, in the dense montane forests of the Municipalities of São Miguel Arcanjo and Capão Bonito, the Carlos Botelho State Park (24°15-44’S, 47°46-48°10´W), and the Fundação Florestal do Estado de São Paulo. Additional field sites protecting known subpopulations in the region include a protected private reserve, i.e., the Muriqui Ecopark (Pró-Muriqui Association), and two corporate private business areas, i.e., Fazenda São Miguel Klabin and Legado das Águas Reserve Votorantim. These areas represent the core areas of the World Heritage Site Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves (decreed in 1999 and considered of outstanding universal value in 2015).
For the Serra do Mar region containing the largest protected area of São Paulo, the Parque Estadual Serra do Mar is supposed to protect the species. Although several areas have been proven to have experienced local extinctions, the exact distributional status of the species in the region is unknown, but is certainly declining. In the Serra da Mantiqueira, bordering the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, a few remnants of forest still remain and only two localities, the São Sebastião Fibria Farm (22°45´S 45°28´W) and the region of São Francisco Xavier (23°12’S 45°52’W) are confirmed as current areas in which the species survives. In addition, the last remnant of interior deciduous forest, the Barreiro Rico Farm, contains a vanishing population in the municipality of Anhembi, located in the deltas of the Tiete and Piracicaba Rivers (Talebi and Soares 2005, Talebi et al. 2011, Talebi et al. 2016). In Rio de Janeiro State, the Itatiaia National Park, the Serra dos Orgãos National Park and the Bocaina National Park are the only known localities to host confirmed extant populations.
Conservation:
This species is recorded from the following protected areas:
The only long-term systematic research site for the Southern Muriquis occurs within the Carlos Botelho State Park founded in 1986. In 2000 the NGO Associação Pró-Muriqui was set up (PHVA Muriqui 1998) to ensure continued research activities in the park and elsewhere in São Paulo (Talebi and Soares 2005). At the present this long term research project monitors the populations of Carlos Botelho State Park, Legado das Águas, Sao Sebastiao Farm, São Miguel Farm and will soon start in Barreiro Rico. These and other science based conservation actions follow the guidelines of public conservation policies, the federal conservation policy, the National Action Plan Muriqui, the São Paulo State Conservation Public Policy, the Primate State Conservation Plan, and the directives published by the Pró-Primatas Comission (São Paulo State 2015).
Conservation policy:
A Population and Habitat Viability Analysis (PHVA) was carried out for both species of Brachyteles in 1998 (Rylands et al. 1998), which sparked a series of surveys in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Bahia and in São Paulo State. It further led to the foundation of the Associação Pró-Muriqui, a NGO coordinating research within São Paulo State. In 2002, the Brazilian Institute for the Environment (IBAMA) set up the Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Muriqui (Oliveira et al. 2005). In 2011 the Instituto Chico Mendes da Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO) published The National Action Plan Muriqui. In 2015, São Paulo State launched the Pró-Primatas Comission, a permanent commission responsible for elaborating conservation policies for state-wide action on threatened primate species.
Ex situ conservation:
Captive breeding has been problematic due to low levels of reproduction and poor infant survival. There is a small, but promising, captive breeding programme for the species in Sorocaba Zoo, which has been successful on maintaining the species. There also exists the continued ex situ program for the species at Rio de Janeiro Primate Center (Coimbra- Filho et al. 1993, Pissinatti et al. 1998, Pissinatti 2005) but none of these institutions has been successful in regularly generating or maintaining offspring. The National Action Plan Muriqui established three reference institutions for captive breeding of the species, i.e., Sorocaba Zoo (São Paulo), Passeio Publico Zoo, Curitiba (Paraná), and Rio de Janeiro Primate Centre. Some zoos in São Paulo (e.g., Sorocaba and Santos) receive wild-born muriqui pets every year, originating mostly from palm-harvesters and hunters who have killed the mothers. Conservation planning for a dedicated breeding program in São Paulo State would greatly enhance our understanding of southern muriquis as well as providing a backup for population extinctions in the wild.
This species is listed on Appendix I of CITES.
- São Paulo State Carlos Botelho State Park, (37,432 ha) (Pacaganella 1991; Mittermeier et al. 1987; Talebi and Soares 2005; Talebi 2005, 2010; Talebi et al. 2011; Talebi 2016)
- Muriqui Ecopark (RPPN Pro-Muriqui Association), (250 ha) (Talebi et al. 2011, Talebi 2016)
- Xitué Ecological Station, (3,095 ha) (Gonzalez-Solis et al. 2001)
- Intervales State Park, (45,000 ha) (Petroni 2000)
- Serra do Mar State Park, (315,391 ha) (Mittermeier et al. 1987, Talebi and Soares 2005)
- Neblinas Park (RPPN Ecofuturo), (2,100 ha) (Talebi and Soares 2005)
- São Francisco Xavier Environmental Protection Area (APA), (2,500 ha) (Antonietto and Silva 1994, Silva 1999, Talebi and Soares 2005)
- São Sebastião Farm, Pindamonhangaba, SP - Fibria (1,206 ha) (Oliveira and Manzatti 1996, Talebi and Soares 2005, Talebi and Soares 2016)
- São Miguel Farm, São Miguel Arcanjo-SP, Klabin (Talebi and Soares 2016)
- Legado das Aguas Reserve (Talebi and Soares 2016)
- Juréia - Itatins Ecological Station, (79,240 ha) (Talebi and Soares 2005)
- Serra da Bocaina National Park, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States (104,000 ha) (Aguirre 1971)
- Rio de Janeiro StateSerra dos Órgãos National Park, Rio de Janeiro (11,800 ha) (Breves et al. 2013)
- Desengano State Park, Rio de Janeiro (22,400 ha) (Garcia 2005; currently unconfirmed)
- Paraiso Ecological Station, Rio de Janeiro (5,000 ha) (Garcia 2005; currently unconfirmed)
- Cairuçú Environmetal Protection Area (APA), Rio de Janeiro (33,800 ha) (Vaz 1998, Garcia 2005; currently unconfirmed)
- Três Picos State Park / Guapiaçu Ecological Station, Rio de Janeiro (46,350 ha) (Talebi et al. 2011; currently unconfirmed)
The only long-term systematic research site for the Southern Muriquis occurs within the Carlos Botelho State Park founded in 1986. In 2000 the NGO Associação Pró-Muriqui was set up (PHVA Muriqui 1998) to ensure continued research activities in the park and elsewhere in São Paulo (Talebi and Soares 2005). At the present this long term research project monitors the populations of Carlos Botelho State Park, Legado das Águas, Sao Sebastiao Farm, São Miguel Farm and will soon start in Barreiro Rico. These and other science based conservation actions follow the guidelines of public conservation policies, the federal conservation policy, the National Action Plan Muriqui, the São Paulo State Conservation Public Policy, the Primate State Conservation Plan, and the directives published by the Pró-Primatas Comission (São Paulo State 2015).
Conservation policy:
A Population and Habitat Viability Analysis (PHVA) was carried out for both species of Brachyteles in 1998 (Rylands et al. 1998), which sparked a series of surveys in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Bahia and in São Paulo State. It further led to the foundation of the Associação Pró-Muriqui, a NGO coordinating research within São Paulo State. In 2002, the Brazilian Institute for the Environment (IBAMA) set up the Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Muriqui (Oliveira et al. 2005). In 2011 the Instituto Chico Mendes da Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO) published The National Action Plan Muriqui. In 2015, São Paulo State launched the Pró-Primatas Comission, a permanent commission responsible for elaborating conservation policies for state-wide action on threatened primate species.
Ex situ conservation:
Captive breeding has been problematic due to low levels of reproduction and poor infant survival. There is a small, but promising, captive breeding programme for the species in Sorocaba Zoo, which has been successful on maintaining the species. There also exists the continued ex situ program for the species at Rio de Janeiro Primate Center (Coimbra- Filho et al. 1993, Pissinatti et al. 1998, Pissinatti 2005) but none of these institutions has been successful in regularly generating or maintaining offspring. The National Action Plan Muriqui established three reference institutions for captive breeding of the species, i.e., Sorocaba Zoo (São Paulo), Passeio Publico Zoo, Curitiba (Paraná), and Rio de Janeiro Primate Centre. Some zoos in São Paulo (e.g., Sorocaba and Santos) receive wild-born muriqui pets every year, originating mostly from palm-harvesters and hunters who have killed the mothers. Conservation planning for a dedicated breeding program in São Paulo State would greatly enhance our understanding of southern muriquis as well as providing a backup for population extinctions in the wild.
This species is listed on Appendix I of CITES.