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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | 73200-161000,112000 |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Least Concern |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
This species is marine and highly pelagic, rarely occurring within sight of land except when breeding.
Breeding begins in June with birds widely scattered over the Arctic and subarctic or montane tundra, up to 1,300 m in Scandinavia. It is highly territorial. The nest is an unlined, inconspicuous scrape into which two eggs are typically laid.
It feeds mainly on lemmings during the summer but will also take shrews, many insects, berries and small birds when microtines are scarce. Its winter diet is largely unknown, but probably includes marine insects and fish with some scavenging and kleptoparasitism.
It is a transequatorial migrant but due to its pelagic nature its migration routes and winter distribution are poorly known (Furness et al. 2018).
Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.
Breeding begins in June with birds widely scattered over the Arctic and subarctic or montane tundra, up to 1,300 m in Scandinavia. It is highly territorial. The nest is an unlined, inconspicuous scrape into which two eggs are typically laid.
It feeds mainly on lemmings during the summer but will also take shrews, many insects, berries and small birds when microtines are scarce. Its winter diet is largely unknown, but probably includes marine insects and fish with some scavenging and kleptoparasitism.
It is a transequatorial migrant but due to its pelagic nature its migration routes and winter distribution are poorly known (Furness et al. 2018).
Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.
Range:
In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia and Sweden, with significant numbers occurring also in Greenland, Finland and Norway.
Conservation:
Conservation Actions Underway
The species has been the subject of a recent satellite tagging study, aimed at finding out more about its movements outside the breeding season (Gilg et al. 2013).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Monitoring to more accurately determine the population of this species is needed. Further research in the requirements and movements of this species would help inform future conservation measures.
The species has been the subject of a recent satellite tagging study, aimed at finding out more about its movements outside the breeding season (Gilg et al. 2013).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Monitoring to more accurately determine the population of this species is needed. Further research in the requirements and movements of this species would help inform future conservation measures.