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| Subspecies: | Unknown |
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| Est. World Population: | 47000-81800,61900 |
| CITES Status: | NOT LISTED |
| IUCN Status: | Vulnerable |
| U.S. ESA Status: | NOT LISTED |
| Body Length: | |
| Tail Length: | |
| Shoulder Height: | |
| Weight: | |
| Top Speed: | |
| Jumping Ability: | (Horizontal) |
| Life Span: | in the Wild |
| Life Span: | in Captivity |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Females) |
| Sexual Maturity: | (Males) |
| Litter Size: | |
| Gestation Period: | |
Habitat:
This species is marine, frequenting mostly inshore waters. It breeds on rocky coastal and offshore islets, and on the mainland (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is a colonial breeder, nesting in rock crevices or ledges in caves, occasionally in old rabbit burrows, lined with sparse plant material. It sometimes nests on cliffs. Clutch is a single white egg. The species forages mostly by pursuit-plunging and pursuit-diving. Diet composition varies through the year but consists mostly of fish, squid and crustacea (Carboneras et al. 2020). In the non-breeding season it disperses widely within the Mediterranean and Black Seas, often congregating in large flocks (Snow and Perrins 1998).
Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.
Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.
Range:
In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Italy, but also notably in Greece, France and Malta.
Conservation:
Conservation Actions Underway
EU Birds Directive Annex I. Annex II of the Bern Convention. A new IBA project has been started in Malta. An EU Life/BirdLife Malta project aimed at conserving a colony of c. 500 pairs at Rdumtal-Madonna, Malta, has recently been completed. A rat eradication project is being implemented at Montecristo Island, Italy during 2011–2012 as part of the 2010 Montecristo LIFE project that aims to eradicate several invasive species from Montecristo and Pianosa (see http://www.montecristo2010.it/index.asp).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Determine whether the species breeds in Turkey. Search for colonies at sites in Turkey and Greece. Carry out population censuses at breeding colonies for which there is currently little reliable, up-to-date population size data, particularly those in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece. Continue breeding and non-breeding period counts at the Bosporus and conduct breeding and non-breeding counts at other bottleneck sites. Research ecological requirements and carry out extensive demographic monitoring. Research the impact of introduced predators across breeding range. Research impact of predator control/eradication programmes on annual survival and breeding success at different sites. As a precaution, control or if possible eradicate feral cats and rats at breeding colonies, according to a priority analysis and at sites with evidence of predation. Quantify extent of mortality from accidental bycatch and encourage policymakers to implement and enforce measures that reduce accidental bycatch of this species and other seabirds in commercial fishing operations in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Identify and implement measures to reduce/mitigate the effects of light pollution on the species (e.g. Raine et al. 2007).
EU Birds Directive Annex I. Annex II of the Bern Convention. A new IBA project has been started in Malta. An EU Life/BirdLife Malta project aimed at conserving a colony of c. 500 pairs at Rdumtal-Madonna, Malta, has recently been completed. A rat eradication project is being implemented at Montecristo Island, Italy during 2011–2012 as part of the 2010 Montecristo LIFE project that aims to eradicate several invasive species from Montecristo and Pianosa (see http://www.montecristo2010.it/index.asp).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Determine whether the species breeds in Turkey. Search for colonies at sites in Turkey and Greece. Carry out population censuses at breeding colonies for which there is currently little reliable, up-to-date population size data, particularly those in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece. Continue breeding and non-breeding period counts at the Bosporus and conduct breeding and non-breeding counts at other bottleneck sites. Research ecological requirements and carry out extensive demographic monitoring. Research the impact of introduced predators across breeding range. Research impact of predator control/eradication programmes on annual survival and breeding success at different sites. As a precaution, control or if possible eradicate feral cats and rats at breeding colonies, according to a priority analysis and at sites with evidence of predation. Quantify extent of mortality from accidental bycatch and encourage policymakers to implement and enforce measures that reduce accidental bycatch of this species and other seabirds in commercial fishing operations in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Identify and implement measures to reduce/mitigate the effects of light pollution on the species (e.g. Raine et al. 2007).