The species' habitats are predominantly wooded areas, but it can also be found in matorrals and olive and orange groves (Thévenot et al. 2003). In Morocco it also breeds in open areas with scattered trees (F. Cuzin pers. obs.). It is also found in gardens, parks and urban, suburban and village areas with just a few trees (Isenmann et al. 2005, A. Fellous-Djardini pers. obs.). It is mostly monogamous but occasionally polygynous (Holt et al. 1999) and breeds in North Africa from March to October, laying 3-5 eggs in May-June (Isenmann et al. 2005). Nests are built in holes of trees and walls (Isenmann and Moali 2000). No material is added and typically four eggs are laid (Mikkola 1983). It feeds mostly on insects and other invertebrates and some small birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals (Holt et al. 1999). The northernmost populations are fully migratory, wintering from the Mediterranean to the Equator whereas most southern populations are partially migratory or sedentary (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).

This species occurs throughout the Mediterranean region.

Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II.

Conservation Actions Proposed
It is recommended to undertake more research on the species in the region.