The family Columbidae comprises birds commonly known as pigeons and doves. These medium- to small-sized birds are found worldwide, inhabiting diverse environments from forests and grasslands to urban areas. Columbids are characterized by a compact body, short neck, and slender bill with a fleshy cere. They are primarily granivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits, and occasionally small invertebrates. Many species are known for their strong flying abilities and homing instincts, with some domesticated pigeons famously used for carrying messages. Columbidae exhibit a variety of social behaviors, including monogamous pair bonds, biparental care, and elaborate courtship displays, and they produce a nutrient-rich secretion called “pigeon milk” to feed their young. Their ecological roles include seed dispersal, and they hold cultural significance in human societies worldwide.